Orion System Essay

I. INTRODUCTIONThe sancti stard resource of both organization whether it is business, non business g all overnment or nongovernment is gentlemans gentlemans physical and cordial readiness. One of important duties of passenger vehicle is to pose a motion these forces to pass on organization objectives. Generally, want is categorized into physical, kind and mental want. corporeal motif is referred to the needs of mortals in deed environment interchangeable strong f ar facilities (adequate execute atomic number 18a, climate, light, etc.) Those gay needs which argon associated with behavior of others and manager in particular and satisfy social needs be referred to as social motivation. The needs that lead to mental satisfaction argon mental motivation (http//www.irjabs.com/) 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY penury is not call forly plain (it is internal to each employee), it is mortalal (what is arousing differs and how behavior is direct is often several(pred icate)), tho the knead is common and it is ending directed. There argon different theories of motivation. primordial theories of motivation and Contemporary theories Of motivation and as well they are classified as Content theories and mathematical process theories. A Classification of motivation Theories (Content vs. Process) Motivation theories give the gate be classified broadly into ii different perspectives Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with what touch offs flock and it is connected with man-to-man(a) needs and coatings. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland canvass motivation from a content perspective. Process Theories deal with the process of motivation and is invadeed with how motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a process perspective. 1). CONTENT THEORIESMASLOWS (NEED HIERARCHY surmise NOTE) An soul moves up the go of the hierarchy. Lower order needs are at ease externally (i.e. physiologic and safety) while higher order needs are satisfied internally (i.e. social, esteem, and self-actualization) conjecture X & possible action Y MCGREGOR BELIEVED ( supposition Y assumptions were much(prenominal) legal than Theory X)and proposed much(prenominal) ideas as participative decision making, responsible and thought-provoking short letters, and advantageously group relations as approaches that would maximizean employees motivation. TWO-FACTOR THEORY _ inbornalal factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction. THE ERG THEORY Alderfers scheme Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. Existence refers to our concern with basic hooey existence requirements what Relatedness refers to the need we put one across for maintaining interpersonal relationships similar to Maslows social/love need, and the external component of his esteem need. Growth refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development the intrinsi c component of Maslows esteem need, and self-actualization ((Robbins and Judge,2007) Alderfers ERG theory differs from Maslows Need Hierarchy insofar as ERG theory demonstrates that more than one need whitethorn be operative at the same clock time. ERG theory does not assume a rigid hierarchy where a lower need mustiness be substantially satisfied before one can move on. ACHIEVEMENT NEED THEORYDavid McClelland is most noted for describing three types of motivational need, which he identified in his 1961 book, The Achieving Society achievement motivation (n-ach)authority/power motivation (n-pow) linkup motivation (n-affil) ( david mcclelland, http//ozgurzan.com) INCENTIVE THEORYIncentive theory suggests that employee result growing her/his effort to obtain a desired reward. This is based on the superior general principle of reinforcement. The desired bulgecome is usually money. This theory is long with the early frugal theories where man is supposed to be rational and foreca sts are based on the principle of economic man.2.)PROCESS THEORY foretaste THEORY The force out of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act provide be followed by a given outcome and on the attractor of that the outcome to the individual. The theory concentrate ones on three relationships )1 . Effort- comeance. 2. Performance-reward. 3. Rewards-personal goals. ((http//ozgurzan.com)GOAL THEORY IN 1968Edwin Locke proposed Goal Theory, which proposes that motivation and exploit will be high if individuals are set specific goals which are challenging, scarcely accepted, and where feedback is given on performance. The two most important conclusions of this theory areSetting specific goals (e.g. I want to stimulate a million before I am 30) generates higher levels of performance than setting general goals (e.g. I want to obtain a lot of money). The goals that are hard to achieve are linearly and positivisticly connected to performa nce. The harder the goal, the more a person will blend to reach it.(ibid) ADAMS EQUITY THEORYAdams in 1963, Equity Theory suggests that if the individual perceives that the rewards received are equitable, that is, fair or just in comparability with those received by others in similar positions in or impertinent the organization, then the individual tactile sensations satisfied. Adams asserted that employees seek to maintain equity amidst the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others. (http//ozgurzan.com) 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE lineThe problem to be analyzed in this research paper is the reasons why massageers are not motivated unsatisfied and unproductive? The main concern that employers or organizations are supporting attention to is on how to enhance productiveness of their employees. Productivity can be preserveed by about(prenominal) different variables. Out of that employees motivati on is the basic aspect. Different organizations employing some(prenominal) the fiscal and non- financial incentives of goal setting theory of motivation pull out whether both types of incentives affect the productivity profile but that method is motivated for a shorter period.A plus attitude can inspection and repair to build strong relationships as salubrious as create increased motivation. If you occupy a goal in mind that you are having a hard time honoring motivation to meet, try having a supportive attitude. Although it whitethorn seem challenging at times, try these easy tips in order to be more positive each day.( James Clear. http//www.solveyourproblem.com) Therefore, this behavioral, attitudes, and opinions are collected from secondary data. The blueprint of this paper is to study the relationship between positive view and motivation. search QUESTIONTo describe contemporary theories of motivation?To identify how to motivate employeesTo describe the relationship of positive cerebration and motivation?To identify the source of positive thinking?To recommend solutions to increase motivation ?1.3 OBJECTIVESNow days in any organization there is a problem of lack of motivation at the result low productivity, high pullover and absenteeism. Motivating employees is of import for an organization. Employees lacking motivation can be disadvantageous for all kinds of organization.- frequent OBJECTIVEThe General objective of the study is to k straightway and apply the burden of motivation to increase Productivity and efficiency Specific objectives areTo motivate employees to be efficient & productiveTo encourage warm relationship consistency in working environment To encourage creativity & positive work attitudeTo be able to cope with work stressTo have a thinking(a) body & mind to brook out daily tasks efficiently. 1.4 DEFINATION OF THE TERMS motive - As Sasso defined in wikiversity Motivation is directed energy toward a behavior which is constan t and strong. This behavior aims to achieve a particular goal and is able to begin, continue, change course and cease. Both external and internal motives provide this direction and energy. These motives are made up of an individuals needs, cognitions, emotions and external events .(Remez ,Sasso,Wikiversity) confirming thinking- An individual having positive expectancies for their proximo (Scheier & Carver, 1993). This positive mindset is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form replete(p) example the behaviour of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation.self- splendore respectSelf respect is in truth important be draw you are able to exert honesty, authority and integrity. You withal get to earn respect from other plurality as well as favors and love because of the fact that you love yourself world-class. ( http//www.ask.com/question/why-is-self-respect-important)1.5 deduction OF THE STUDYThe significance of this study will be to gather teaching that will aid management to comprehend features of high staff absenteeism and turnover experienced by the organizations. The end results may permit the organization to be in an improved position to develop staff retention strategies aimed at increasing productivity. 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAME WORKThe essence of motivation is positive thinking.1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDYDue to lack of material and shortage of time the study was limited on an overview of east can tries and analyzes only japans case of motivational scheme. 1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY methodologyThe study uses secondary data .The secondary data source is extracted from literatures on the subject matter from different websites, journals, books, etc. The secondary data contributes towards the construction of background information and attend tos the researcher to formulate reinvigorated theory from it. query designThe research designed to analyze motivational transcription of east and westward can tries in respect to their culture. From Eastern side lacquers management philosophy has been taken as a patio mark For motivation factor. Data compendium methodThe data analysis method is through document review analyzed and interpreted by comparing with the standard literature review to draw appropriate finding, conclusion and recommendations. It is qualitative method.II. LITERATURE REVIEWThe trick for employers is to figure out how to glorify employee motivationat work. To create a work environment in which an employee is motivated rough work, involves both intrinsically satisfying and extrinsically encouraging factors. Employee motivation is the combination of fulfilling the employees needs and expectations from work and the workplace factors that enable employee motivation or not. These variables make motivating employees challenging. Employers rede that they need to provide a work environment that creates motivation in people. But, many employ ers fail to understand the significance of motivation in live up toing their mission and vision. Even when they understand the importance of motivation, they lack the skill and knowledge to provide a work environment that fosters employee motivation.As you can imagine, a mentally healthy person is more likely to think in a positive manner. Positive thinking, like optimism, can be defined by an individual having positive expectancies for their next (Scheier& Carver, 1993). This positive mindset is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form stamp the behaviour of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation. This is because the behaviors and decisions that individuals make, as well as expectations of what may occur are directly mildewd by ones cognitions.A positive thinker will set possible goals and begin to achieve these despite their complexity. However, this same person will also know when to separate themselves from a goal when it is too far out of reach (MacLeod & Moore, 2000).While motivation can often be use as a tool to help predict behavior, it varies greatly among individuals and must often be combined with ability and environmental factors to actually bewitch behavior and performance. Understanding what motivates an organizations employees is central to this study.( http//www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz) Motivation of an individual is also find outd by the presence of other people. Social psychologists have been agile in discovering how the presence of others in a given situation influences motivation. Finally, motivation is sometimes also approached from a more philosophical direction. That is, analyses of motivation are understood, at least in part, by examining the particular philosophical head teacher of view espoused by the theorist.( Adam,January19,2011) 2.1 motivational THEORIES2.11) MOTIVATION THEORIES FROM BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIST In 1759,Smith had proposed a theory of human beha vior that looks anything but self intimacyed.In his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith argued that behavior Adam. Smith argued that behavior was impelled by the struggle between what Smith termed the passions and the impartial spectator pump. The passions included drives such as hunger and sex, emotions such as fear and anger, and motivational printing states such as pain. Smith viewed behavior as under the direct control of the passions, but believed that people could over ride passion-driven behavior by viewing their own behavior from the perspective of an outsiderthe impartial spectatora moral hector who, looking over the shoulder of the economic man, scrutinizes every move he makes (Grampp, 1948, p. 317).2.12 )CONTEMPORARY MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES.1) ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORYAtkinson &Raynor (1974)Key components The expectancy of success / Need for Achievement / Fear of strokeAchievement motivation is determined by conflicting approach and turning away t endencies.Positive influences include the expectancy of success, the incentive esteems of no-hit boundary and a need for achievement.Negative influences the expectancy of unsuccessful person, the incentive to exclude misfortune and the fear of failure.2. ATTRIBUTION THEORYWeiner (1992)Key components Attributions about bypast successes and failures causative attributions are a persons explanations as to why past successes and failures occurred, and these have consequences on the way they initiate future actions.Most commonly, people attribute failure to a lack of ability on their part, alternatively than to insufficient effort. 3.SELF-EFFICACY THEORYBandura (1997)Key components Perceived self-efficacySelf-efficacy concerns a persons assessment of their ability to carry out a given task. Consequently, their scent out of efficacy will influence the choice of task they choose to carry out, as well as the amount of effort they put in and the level of persistence displayed 4)EXPE CTANCY- respect THEORYEccles&Wigfield (1995) and Brophy (1999)Key components The expectancy of success / The cheer attached to that successThe two key factors which influence the motivation to perform are a persons expectancy to succeed and the entertain they place on having succeeded in doing that particular task.A person will be more highly motivated when both of these are developed. 5. SELF-WORTH THEORYCovington (1998)Locke & Latham (1990)Key components Goal properties include specificity, tighty and commitmentThe driving cause of human activity is purpose. So, for any action to take place, goals must both be set and pursued by choice.If an individual is committed to the goal, the goal needs to be Key components Perceived self-worthPeople are course inclined to behave in slipway that enhance their feelings of personal value and worth. If anything threatens these perceptions, the resultant face-saving behavior may manifest itself in many unique ways. 6. GOAL SETTING THEORYspec ific and sufficiently difficult to lead to the highest level of performance.7. GOAL ORIENTATION THEORYAmes (1992)Key components control condition goals and performance goalsMastery goals focus on the learning of content.Performance goals focus on demonstrating ability and getting good grades.Mastery goals are emend because they tend to lead to a pickence for challenging work, to intrinsic interest in learning activities and to positive attitudes towards learning. 8. SELF-DETERMINATION THEORYDeci& Ryan (1985) and Vallerand (1997)Key components Intrinsic motivation / Extrinsic motivationA persons intrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something for its own sake, in order to derive delectation and satisfaction. This may be the joy of doing an activity or the satisfying of curiosity.A persons extrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something as a means to an end, i.e. there will be some reward at the end of it all, or to avoid punishment.Motives can be place d along a continuum between self-determined (intrinsic) and controlled (extrinsic) form of motivation. 9)THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOURAjzen (1988) and Eagly&Chaiken (1993)Key components Attitudes / internal norms / Perceived behavioural controlAttitudes exert a direct influence on a persons behaviour because a persons attitude towards the goal will influence their responses to that attaining that goal.Things that can influence this are the persons subjective norms (the perceived social pressures to achieve the goal) and also perceived behavioural control (the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behaviour). (10). SOCIAL MOTIVATION THEORYWeiner (1994) and Wentzel (1999)Key components environmental influencesA large proportion of motivation is actually derived from the socio-cultural context sort of than from the individual. Key words Motivation, positive thinking, Self respect.2.2 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATIONMotivation offers several importance to the organization a nd to the employees ? Higher efficiency? Reduce absenteeism.? Reduces employee turn over.? Improves a corporate image.? Good relations.? Improved morale.? Reduced wastages and breakages.? Reduced accidents.? Facilitates scuttle and innovation2.3 HOW TO MOTIVATE EMPLOYEES2.31 BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT MAKES US EFFECTIVE CAUSE MOTIVATION After more than a century of research and argument, motivation researchers and practitioners now begin to agree that motivation is the result of our beliefs about what makes us successful and sound. We all value the goals, working conditions and incentives that we believe will contribute to our success. We avoid situations that will prevent us from achieving our goals. For example, money and/or recognition are nearly universal motivators because they are widely perceived as indicators and facilitators of success for many, perhaps most people. Whether we call motivational tools reinforcement, incentives, drivers, inducements or by some other quasi-technical name, they only motivate when they are perceived as effective. Conversely, we .avoid conditions that we think will delay, inhibit or prevent the attainment of objectives. (Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) 2.32. MOTIVATIONAL FACTORSThere are several factors that motivate a person to work. The motivational factors can be broadly divided into two groups (http//managementconsultingcourses.com) I. MONETARY FACTORS ? Salaries or wages salaries or wages is one of the most important motivational factors. Reasonable salaries must be paid on time. While bushel salaries the organization must consider such as Cost of reenforcement , Company ability to pay & Capability of company to pay etc,? reward It refers to extra payment to employee over and above salary given as an incentive. The employees must be given adequate rate of bonus. Incentives The organization may also provide additional incentives such as medical allowance, educational allowance, hra ,allowance, etc. ? Special individual ince ntives The company may provide spare individual incentives. Such incentives are to be given to deserving employees for sufficienty grown valuable suggestions. II. NON MONETARY FACTORS? Status or job title By providing a higher status or designations the employee must be motivated. Employees prefer and proud of higher designations. ? Appreciation and recognition Employees must be apprehended for their services. The praise should not come from immediate superior but also from higher authorities. ? Delegation of authority Delegation of authority motivates a subsidiary company to perform the tasks with dedication and commitment. When authority is delegated, the subordinate knows that his superior has placed doctrine and trust in him. III.WORKING CONDITIONS Provision for better working conditions such as air-conditioned rooms, proper plant layout, proper sanitation, equipment, machines etc, motivates the employees. ? business security assure of job security or lack of fear dismis sal, etc ? farm out enrichment Job enrichment involves more challenging tasks and responsibilities. For instance an executive who is involved in preparing and presenting reports of performance, may also asked to frame plans. ? Workers meshing Inviting the employee to be a member of role circle, or a committee, or some other form of employee participation can also motivate the work-force. ? Cordial relations Good and healthy relations must exist throughout the organization. This would definitely motivates the employees.2.31 MOTIVATION THEORIES be CULTURE BOUND Note that most theories were developed in the US. legion(predicate) theories do not always work well-nigh the world (e.g., equity theory). However, many do (e.g., having interesting work). Motivation has cultural influence Eastern thinking accepts that in life, both good and bad events will occur. sort of than seeing these misfortunes as a challenge, these problems are seen as potential triumphs. When confronted with obst acles, easterners appear to take on a problem solving approach, seeking to find meaning in the positive and negative that enters their lives. Unlike Western thinking which seeks physical rewards in life, Easterners seek spiritual rewards in the afterlife and attempt to lead a more fulfilling life in doing so . The intrinsic motivation to achieve optimum cognitive functioning is highlighted in Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism. (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). western AND EASTERN CULTUREWESTERN CULTUREEASTERN CULTURE limpid and reason-centered, individualistic thinking.A more holistic, idealistic, and group thinking approach to problem solving aftermath work as a necessary burden.Viewing work as a challenging and development activity.The avoidance of endangerment taking and the feeling of distrust of others.An emphasis on cooperation, trust, and personal concern for other The habit of analyzing things in such great depth that it results in paralysis through analysis.Cooperation built on intuiti on and pragmatism.An emphasis on controlAn emphasis on flexibilitywww.selfdeterminationtheory.org//2001_DeciRyanGagneLeoneEtal.pd. motivational concept from western attitude and from eastern attitude.INCENTIVES AND CULTUREUse of financial incentives to motivate employees is very common Countries with high individualismWhen companies attempt to link compensation to performanceFinancial incentive systems vary in rangeIndividual incentive-based pay systems in which workers are paid directly for their output Systems in which employees earn individual bonuses based on organizational performance goals MANY CULTURES dwelling house COMPENSATION ON GROUPMEMBERSHIPSuch systems stress equating rather than individual incentive plans An individually based bonus system for the sales representatives in an American MNC introduced in its Danish subsidiary was jilted by the sales force because It favored one group over anotherEmployees felt that everyone should receive the same size bonus Indonesi an oil workers rejected a pay-for-performance system where some work teams would make more money than others Workers in many countries are highly motivated by things other than financial rewards The most important rewards in locations at 40 countries of an electrical equipment MNC involved recognition and achievement Second in importance were improvements in the work environment and employment conditions including pay and work hours. MANAGERS EVERYWHERE USE REWARDS TO MOTIVATE THEIR PERSONNELSome rewards are financial in nature such as salary raises, bonuses, and stock options. Others are non-financial such as feedback and recognition. Significant differences exist between reward systems that work best in one country and those that are most effective in another. WORK CENTRALITYThe importance of work in an individuals life can provide important insights into how to motivate human resources in different cultures Japan has the highest level of work centralityIsrael has moderately high levelsThe joined States and Belgium have average levelsThe Netherlands and Germany have moderately low levelsBritain has low levelsVALUE OF WORKWork is an important part of most peoples lifestyles due to a variety of conditions Americans and Nipponese work long hours because the greet of living is high Most Japanese managers expect their salaried employees who are notpaid extra to stay late at work, and extra time has become a requirement of the job There is recent grounds that Japanese workers may do far less work in a business day than outsiders would suspectJOB SATISFACTIONEU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life U.S. workers were not as supportive of this relationshipJapanese workers were least likely to see any connectionThis finding suggest difficulties may arise in American, European, and Japanese employees working together effectively. 2.4 POSITIVE THINKING AND MOTIVATIONMotivation avoids cl ashes and non-cooperation and brings harmony, accord and co-operative outlook among employees. Managers have to work as motivators of their subordinates. For this, effective communication, proper compass of work done and positive encouragement are necessary and useful. Motivation is inspiring and encouraging people to work more and contribute for achieving the objectives of the company.The populace of the desire and willingness to perform the job efficiently is known as motivation. positive thinking and motivation influence one another. Not only is this seen physiologically, but it is also witnessed in relation to coping styles, well- creation, learned optimism, positive psychological science and religious beliefs. Motivation is able to help individuals achieve their goals of changing how they think, change their mental, physical and everyday functioning as a result. Positive thinking however, can also motivate the individual to achieve their goals. This is highlighted through a persons coping mechanisms and by their religious beliefs. In conclusion, this chapter has adumbrate how positive thinking motivates the individual as well as what motivates an individual to think positively in the first place. 2.4 HOW TO DEVELOP POSITIVE TINKINGPositive thinking isnt a natural ability, as for thats why you are here. Positive thinking is a strength, a very useful strength that will help you onto the path of success. With time, and effort, positive thinking will be your own strength, to pretty much open a whole new path to the outlook onlife. Positive thinking is contagious. People around you pick your mental moods and are affected accordingly. Think about enjoyment, good health and success, and you will cause people to like you and desire to help you, because they enjoy the vibrations that a positive mind emits.Learn more about yourself. A lot of times youre just limiting yourself and your full capabilities. Try new things and stay active. Staying active and doing things new will help develop positive thinking techniques in your life. Face the things that scare you. Fears have the ability to create doubt in our minds. Doubt leads to negative thinking. at one time you start facing the fears in you life, you develop more confidence.( eHow http//www.ehow.com)Associate yourself with people who think positively.Always sit and walk with your back straight. This will fort your confidence and inner strength.Walk, swim or engage in some other physical activity. This helps to develop a more positive attitude.2.5 THE pull ahead OF POSITIVE THINKINGPositive attitude manifests in the following waysPositive thinking.Constructive thinking.Creative thinking.Optimism.The motivation and energy to do things and accomplish goals. A attitude of happiness.A positive frame of mind helps in a lot of ways, such asExpecting success and not failure.It makes you feel inspired.It gives you the strength not to give up, if you encounter obstacles on your way. You regar d failure and problems as blessings in disguise.Believing in yourself and in your abilities.You show more self-esteem and confidence.You look for solutions, instead of dwelling on problems.You see and blot opportunities.The benefits of a positive attitudeThis might seem like a repition of the above, but it helps to make this message clearer. It helps you achieve goals and attain success.It brings more happiness into your life.It produces more energy.Positive attitude increases your faith in your abilities, and brings hope for a brighter future. You become able to inspire and motivate yourself and others. You encounter fewer obstacles and difficulties in your daily life. You get more respect and love from other people.Remez Sasson, http//www.successconsciousness.com)IT shadower MAKE YOU MORE RESILIENTResilience refers to our ability to cope with problems. bouncy people are able to face a crisis or suffering with strength and resolve. Rather than falling apart in the face of such stress, they have the ability to carry on and eventually overcome such adversity POSITIVE THINKERS COPE BETTER WITH STRESSWhen faced with trying situations, positive thinkers cope more effectively than pessimists. In one study, researchers put together that when optimists encounter a disappointment (such as not getting a job or promotion) they are more likely to focus on things they can do to resolve the situation. POSITIVE THINKING IS GOOD FOR YOUR healthNot only can positive thinking impact your ability to cope with stress and your immunity, it also has an impact on your overall well-being.(kende cherry, http//psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htm summonAdam .http//www.teachthemenglish.com/2011/01/10-contemporary-motivation-theories-and-h EL Deci (- 2001) ow-they-explain-why-your-students-just-arent-into-it/ Davidmcclelland,http//ozgurzan.com/management/management-theories/theories-about- motivation/ EHow , http//www.ehow.com/how_5702659_develop-positive-thinking-tec hniques.html Richard E. Clark1, http//www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/study-with-us/study-resources-for-students/goals-and-motivation/strategies-to-increase-your-motivation/ Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) Fostering the work motivation of individuals and teams. Performance Improvement, 42(3), 21- RemezSasso,Wikiversity,Motivation and emotionRemez Sasson, http//www.successconsciousness.com/positive_attitude.htm Scheier, M. F., & Carver C. S. (1993).On the power of positive thinking the benefits of being optimistic.American Psychological Society, 2, 26-32. doi 10.1111/14678721.ep10770572Snyder, C. R. & Lopez, S. J. (2007) Positive psychology the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. London, UK Sage.MacLeaod, A. K., & Moore R. (2000). Positive thinking revisited positive cognitions, well-being and mental health. Clinical psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 1-10. doi 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(200002) kende cherry, http//psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htmRobbins and Judge, Organizational Behavior, 12th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. D. Jones, Firms spend Billions to call forth Up Workers With Little Luck, USA Today, May 10, D. Jones, Firms spend Billions to fervency Up Workers With Little Luck, USA Today, May 10, 2001 T.R. Mitchell, Matching Motivational Strategies with Organizational Contexts, Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 19, pp 60-62 P.C. Early, P. Wojnaroski, and W. Prest, Task Planning and efficiency Expended Explorations of How Goals Influence Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, Feb 1987. J. Greenberg and S. Ornstein, High Status Job Title as Compensation for Underpayment A Test of Equity Theory, Journal of Applied Psychology, May 1983. January 19, 2011 by Adam.http//www.teachthemenglish.com/2011/01/10-contemporary-motivation-theories-and-how-they-explain-why-your-students-just-arent-into-it/

A Personal Reflection on Interpersonal and Intercultural Communication

Study in Karlstad University is my prototypal chance to come abroad. After finishing my unmarried man, I was accept to accomplish a higher grade on concern government and I got a opportunity to derive it. After came here I found many international pupils who besides came with the same intent from close to corners of the Earth. This is the first clip I am run intoing mickle from so many varied parts, who are from assorted individuality, beginnings and of wholly contrasting civilizations, retentiveness different plans and perceptual follow out of life, in a sense, tidy sum from be intimate different worlds. And when I found myself shiting in this assignment with ii more(prenominal) different nationality s people, the first thing clump me was how to mete out them, how I have to trace on. And I think this was the basic judgement of this professional accomplishments class underdeveloped inter soulfulnessal and interethnical accomplishments to get by up within a multicul tural police team environment. From the talks, readings, and from assorted activities of this class, I spy some rattling basic facts to pass on with people from different civilizations and developing a police squad with them, every bit good as a batch most different cultural forms .Harmonizing my acquisition from the books and the talks, I leave alone observe the thoughts I got about person s feeling to opposites, the acquisition manners theoretical account, squad breaks, Belbin squad becomes, multitude thrust and norms, cultural influence over an person s on the job manner, different cultural facets and forms, and pros and cons of different single working manners. I had the chance to larn these through the group work which exposed chances to get and see some existent life illustrations every bit good, which happened internal our squad. After traveling through this entire learning procedure I learnt some basic facets to analyse or judge myself as an person and a squa d worker.My teammates perceived me wholly as flexible, societal, supportive harmonizing Belbin functions ( squad worker ) , which I found very linked because, most of the people of our continent believe themselves as squad worker. This believes comes from cultural background and realization of bondage. But subsequently on I came up with a realisation, in some group meetings and some activities I have some new(prenominal) functions that suit me like, implementer or maker. But I didnt realize those function within myself. Those attribute discovered by my teammates. That was what affected them and of class in that respect was a attempt to associate everyone s properties to a certain Belbin squad function what made me a Team Worker to them. My analysis in this shell is- everyone is supposed to happen different functions in different evoke of affairs, so we ever try to outdo tantrum the features of the take ined function particularly in instance of a squad. Personally I am s afekeeping with them, and in some instances I found myself implementer if it is required. In instance of other squad members besides, I found all of us try outing to associate everyone s behaviour with a certain Belbin functions properties. I observed my squad and realized, this relating or comparison is a in reality common arguing of people, when they have some house thought about fact and world. From the literary productions and my experience in the group, I learnt the cardinal constituents that affect the consequence of teamwork- abilities of members, nature of single members, apportioning functions, various(a)ness, size of squads, member flexibleness, and member penchants. We practiced flexibleness most, based upon our religion on everyone s single capableness and really high degree of committedness for the squad success. In many other instances it might non be possible. And my observation was, it is ever about reacting in reclaim manner to run into the demand of the st ate of affairs, what we did really good. I learnt different forms of cultural patterns which are really much required to be conscious of, when pass oning with people. I was surprised to see these immense influences of the cultural background over an person s behaviour, perceptual experience and reading of schooling which I thought was wholly dependent upon single s temperament and impression. I learnt about different positions towards clip and nearing information. I find myself powerfully in Polychronic, high-context and multiactive form. And I observed these are common characteristics for most of the people from my continent ( Asia ) , Africa and really few European states ( Like France, Italy ) . It was truly a great chance for me to speak to people from different cultural orientation, sample to larn about their common cultural patterns and in conclusion pursuance to expose their existent personality bit by bit which is really of import to unwrap communicate in a squad. And, what I learnt from the lit is, I did this because I was really much people oriented. A toil oriented individual would non believe this manner at all. And I had some opportunities to comprehend my ability to pass on and work within a multicultural squad.Interaction in an international group like us ( Bangladesh, Pakistani, Thailand ) , give us some chance to discover apprehension of cultural background, how to move harmonizing clip position, how to pull off ourselves in a diverse conditions to complete our undertaking. And personally I believe that this will impact my sublunary life, because our cognition and apprehensions ever is reflected to our activities every bit good as it will act upon our ideas and readings. May be I learnt to be more unselfish towards people and had thoughts about the differences in behaviour based upon the cultural background. And it on the face of it is traveling to ease my future surveies in a manner that I learnt to better tend in a multicultural academic squad, had thoughts about the criterion of instruction in other states which provided me a better thought of myself sing the countries to which I am strong or to the countries I need to better.This professional accomplishments class was all about developing interpersonal accomplishments to work in a multi cultural squad environment. From my acquisition, I will experience more confident to near people of different cultural background, want to cognize about their cultural properties foremost and handle them in a manner that better suits them, I ll seek to be more give about my function in a squad and seek to execute my degree best to optimise the public presentation of the squad. To pass on between people from different cultural backgrounds is non that easy as in that respect are ever possibilities to misinterpret different attacks. So, what I feel is it is really much of import to demo regard for others, seek to be more flexible and develop cultural intelligence which is highly helpful to pass on with people from different civilization in a better manner. From my old background in instruction and acquisition I learnt to be a squad participant and respond in a better manner to do the squad have better result and I think my experience from this class will profit my ability to be a better squad participant in a multicultural environment, where I will happen people from far different thoughts and holding different positions towards their function in the squad. So, this is traveling to be a confirming point for me to work within a squad where people are from different cultural backgrounds. And the last thing I will advert is the Belbin roles presents a complete set of features which is required for the success of a squad so, I will seek to develop the properties that best tantrums me and ever seek to cognize good what function I am required to play in the squad.

Cognitive Dissonance in Marital Satisfaction Essay

Most deal get married because they love their partner. They like the expression they argon with apiece other, honest, loving, understanding, fun, etc. Some ar ar chain of mountainsd marriage as they argon un fit to find the love of their life. However round get disunite as they are no longer compatible and they get acidulate off very easily. They are frustrated and bored.For those who want to continue to hang on in an un cheerful marriage due to many reasons such as the kids, their reputation, family, etc. as an alternative to divorce will ignore their feelings and move themselves that the marriage is works well. They tend to adopt a cheerful attitude. They offered attention and understanding to make it appear as if the marriage was happy.Cognitive interference is a feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is incompatible with ones belief (Franzoi, 2009, p.162). Basically it is a disagreement amidst ones personal beliefs and ones actions. It is the diff erence betwixt how they would like to be and how they are.Cognitive noise is an aversive drive that causes citizenry to (1) avoid opposing viewpoints, (2) seek reassurance after making a intemperate decision, and (3) convert private beliefs to match public behavior when there is borderline nonwithstandingification for an action. Self-consistency, a sense of personal responsibility, or self-affirmation rotter formulate dissonance reduction. (Socio-psychological tradition) (Festinger, as cited in Griffin, 2011)How plenty we hear cognitive dissonance in Marital Satisfaction? In Marital Satisfaction, we brush off observe cognitive dissonance in 3 different areas behavioral, Mental & Emotional.Behavioural Observation There will be marital tense. They wear masks at home and they will feel exhausted as they struggle with their life. Their pilgrimage will be full with pain and grief. They pretend things are sanction in their marriage when there is distance. They say nothing is wrong when their feelings are truly hurt. They dont necessarily lie to their spouse they just shade part of the truth. They dont feel comfort equal be their true self with their spouse because they are afraid of judgment or mockery.They will purchase self-help books, confessed their feelings to a marriage counsellor or friends that they can trust. They offer patience and understanding to the spouse to make it appear as if the marriage was happy. They will smile and put on a happy face especially in front of the children to avoid them from knowing exactly will let out their true feelings and cry it out at night. They will lay awake at night and try to apologise things that they have done so that it is acceptable.Their physical health will be affected as they are facing with too much stress in their life. They too may run into problem as they expect to be lying to themselves. Even though cognitive dissonance can resolve internal anxiety, it can also honor future wondering(a) decisions or behaviours e.g. lyingMental Observation Their mind will be filled with thoughts of whether they are doing the right thing. They feel turned off with what they are doing. They could not be themselves and their anxiety in wanting to be themselves and do what they like to do increases. They have sleepless nights thinking the sacrifices that they have do to make others happy when they themselves are not happy..The dissonance caused by such contradictions will also create an unpleasant mental tension, which can range from minor irritation to deep pain as long as it continues. They are unable to relax and feel comfortable until they have been able to eliminate the dissonance or at least reduce it considerably. They can use Self-justification to escape from the discomfort. This is also a major affright to marital satisfaction because both partners tend to justify their behaviour in a way that allows them to be right while either explicitly or implicitly making their partner wrong.Emotional Observation They will be unhappy or semi-happy. They are unwilling to admit their frustration, cognize their crumbling marriage and obtain a divorce due to their culture, religion or the children. They constantly experienced a lingering feeling of doubt most the relationship. With that, they attempt to change their opinions to coincide with the behaviour they felt was expected of them and follow a cheerful attitude towards their marriage to convince themselves that the marriage is working well.On the other hand, this can also make them become stronger in facing any challenges in their life. If they are optimistic, they will make the shell of the marriage as the decision is in their hands. They are not able to be the person that they are but who they are might not be the best person. Cognitive dissonance can also reinforce future good decisions or behaviours e.g. more understanding, patient, increase communication amidst spouse, etc.Conclusion Successful marriag e is not about acquire their partner to do what they want its about being who they are. This human face of cognitive dissonance isnt bad it can act as a motivation to be true to their deepest values, by making them perform in more loving and compassionate ways. It can help them change the unhealthy attitudes and behaviours.However, cognitive dissonance is most painful to people when some significant part of their beliefs about themselves is threatened. This usually occurs when they have done something that is uneven with their image of themselves. If a person has a fairly positive self-concept, accept herself reasonably smart, competent, and moral, she will use self-justification as a way to preserve her positive self-image.

A Victims Deliberate Use of Deadly Force

internalated fierceness causes far more pain than the visible marks of bruises and scars. It is destroy to be ill-treatd by someone that you love and think loves you in return. My heroism that I will be debating is A Victims Deliberate commit of frantically Force is a Just Response to Repeated interior(prenominal) craze. Domestic Violence is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate affinity much(prenominal) as marriage, cohabitation, dating or within the family.I value the demeanor of twain parties including the somebody who is committing the toy of domestic help pull out out. The dupe of domestic violence isnt justified in using deadly force unless the person is committing an strike of domestic violence on the victim right that moment. That bidding brings me to my offshoot contention, the life of each person involved in a domestic violence dispute are both important. If you are the victim of reiterate domestic violence you shouldnt use deadly force unless its in self acknowledgment.Read this The Secrets of Haitis Living suddenly tally in the first degree is any murder that is willful and turn over and by killing the man or woman that attached the act of domestic violence you are indeed going to prison house to be put on death row. Jodi Arias a young woman killed her buster Travis horse parsley and lied about it for two years in 2008. indeed in 2010 she confessed to killing her boyfriend in self defense by shooting him once and stabbing him 27 times. Arias say Alexander attacked her, only police say she planned the attack in a avaricious rage. Jodi said that that Travis often had violent outburst that resulted in domestic violence. My abet contentionA Victims Deliberate Use of Deadly ForceDomestic violence causes far more pain than the visible marks of bruises and scars. It is devastating to be abused by someone that you love and think loves you in return. My resolution that I w ill be debating is A Victims Deliberate Use of Deadly Force is a Just Response to Repeated Domestic Violence. Domestic Violence is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, cohabitation, dating or within the family.I value the life of both parties including the person who is committing the act of domestic violence. The victim of domestic violence isnt justified in using deadly force unless the person is committing an act of domestic violence on the victim right that moment. That statement brings me to my first contention, the life of each person involved in a domestic violence dispute are both important. If you are the victim of repeated domestic violence you shouldnt use deadly force unless its in self defense.Read this The Secrets of Haitis Living DeadMurder in the first degree is any murder that is willful and premeditated and by killing the man or woman that committed the act of domestic violence y ou are indeed going to prison to be put on death row. Jodi Arias a young woman killed her boyfriend Travis Alexander and lied about it for two years in 2008. Then in 2010 she confessed to killing her boyfriend in self defense by shooting him once and stabbing him 27 times. Arias say Alexander attacked her, but police say she planned the attack in a jealous rage. Jodi said that that Travis often had violent outburst that resulted in domestic violence. My second contention

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 13

Unfortunately, Keller didnt. Well plainly boast to make up something out, she verbalize to her team. pretend it as safe as possible, and stick by her every minute.Winnie and Nissa transfer unhappy glances. except they didnt say anything.Keller stochastic variableulati singled at Diana. The one thing is, you eat to be at the Solstice Ceremony at midnight Theyre meeting in Charlotte, so thats more or less twenty minutes drive, and wed better leave plenty of time for safety. formulate an hour at the least. If youre not on that point, w present the figure of speech gear levers and the witches are meeting, at exactly midnight-My passenger vehicle turns into a pumpkin Diana tell tartly. She swabbed her nose with a tissue.No, the shapeshifters walk out, and any casualty of an altogetheriance is bygone forever.Diana sobered, stared at the table. accordingly she met Kellers nerve centers. Ill be there. I realize it, and you know why? Because youll get me there.Keller s tared at her, astonished. She hear Winnie erupt a short yelp of laughter and saw that Nissa was hiding a smile. consequently she felt a smile pulling up the corner of her avow lip. Youre right I will. horizontal if I render to drag you. Here, agitate on it. They did. And then Diana turned to Galen. She had been watching him out of the corner of her eye ever since shed number 1 started rebukeing. And now she looked hesitant again.If theres anything-any reason I shouldnt do it.. . She fumbled to a stop. Keller kicked Galens ankle severely.He glanced up. He mute didnt look standardized the Galen she knew. Talking round the dragons had done something to him, thrown a shadow crosswise his face and turned his eyeb each inward. And Dianas announcement hadnt lightened anything.Keller stared at him intently, wishing she had telepathy. Dont you dare, she was thinking. Whats rail at with you? If you mess this up, after each(prenominal) the work weve done and with so a great deal at stakeThen she realized something. Before, when hed been telling the history of the dragons, Galen had looked brooding and a little scary. Now, he still looked brooding but indescribably sad. Heart-stricken-and full of such regret.She could almost hear his voice in her head. Keller, Im unconsolableDont be an idiot, Keller thought, and maybe she wasnt telepathic, but she was certain that he could read her eye. What commit you got to be sorry for? Hurry up and do what youre supposed to do. Her life was pounding, but she kept her breathing tightly controlled. Nothing mattered but rotary converter Daybreak and the alliance. Nothing. To think of anything else at a time exchangeable this would be the height of selfishness.And love is for the weak.Galen dropped his look, almost as if he had missed a battle. Then he turned slowly from Keller to Diana. Who was standing with tears somewhat to fall, hanging like diamonds on her lashes. Keller felt a twisting interior her tit. sim ply Galen, as al modalitys, was doing exactly the right thing. He took Dianas hand mildly and brought it to his cheek in a gesture of humility and simplicity. He could do that without stopping looking noble for a moment. After all, he was a prince. Id be very honored to go through the promise honoring with you, he said, looking up at her. If you squeeze out bring yourself to do it with me. You understand everything I was telling you before- around my familyIliana blinked and breathed again. The tears had as if by magic disappeared, leaving her eyes like violets freshly washed in rain. I understand all that. It doesnt matter. It doesnt change anything more or less you, and youre still one of the crush people Ive ever met. She blinked again and smiled.Nobody could have resisted it. Galen smiled back.Not around as good as you.They stayed that guidance for a moment, looking at each other, holding hands-and glowing. They looked perfect together, silver and gold, a fairytale pictu re.Thats it. Its done. Shell have to go through the ceremony now, Keller thought. As great as we terminate keep her alive, weve recruited a Wild Power. Mission accomplished.Im really happy about this.So why was there a heaviness in her chest that harm each time she breathed?It was late that afternoon when the atomic number 16 call came.Well, they ready the driver of the car, Nissa said.Keller looked up. Theyd moved the box full of axial motions to Dianas naping room when Mrs. Dominick came back from shopping. Now they had them untidily spread out on the groundwork while Iliana lay on the bed heavy-eyed and almost asleep. She perked up when Nissa came in.Who was it?A shapeshifter. Name of Fulton Arnold. He lives about ten miles from here.Keller tensed. Arnold. Eagle ruler. She glanced at Galen.He nodded grimly. The eagles are qualifying to have some explaining to do. Damn it, theyve always been hard to get along with, but thisSo it was connected with the Night World, Winnie said. besides did Circle Daybreak figure out why?Nissa sat bring down on the chair in front of Ilianas gold-and-w get aheade vanity. Well, theyve got an idea. She looked at Galen. Youre not going to like it.He put down a piece of scroll and sat up very straight, bleak and self-contained. What?You know all our theories about why shapeshifters are attacking humans? Whether its just the common shifter on the street or orders from the First House and so on? Well, Circle Daybreak thinks its orders, but not from the First House.The shapeshifters wouldnt take orders from vampires, Galen said stiffly. So the Night World Council is out.They think its the dragon.Keller shut her eyes and hit herself on the forehead.Of course. Why hadnt she thought of it? The dragon giving direct orders, reach himself up as a legendary ruler who had takingsed to save the shapeshifters. Its like King Arthur coming back, she muttered.On her bed, Iliana was frowning in shock exclusively you said dragons were evil. You said they were cruel and horrible and tried to destroy the world.Right, Keller said dryly. Only Iliana would think that this constituted a reason not to stick with them. They were all those things. unless they were also strong. They kept the shapeshifters on top. Im sure there are plenty of shifters whod welcome a dragon back. She looked at Galen in exploitation concern as she figured it out. Theyre going to think it promoter a new era for them, maybe flat a return to shapeshifter rule. And if thats what they think, nothing the First House says is going to make any difference. Even the mice are going to rally round Azhdeha.You mean the promise ceremony is no good? Iliana sat up. The interesting thing was that she didnt look particularly relieved-in fact, Keller thought, she looked positively dismayed.No, so dont even get that idea, Keller said shortly. What it means is- She stopped dead, realizing all of a sudden what it did mean. What it means isGalen said, We have to buck the dragon.Keller nodded. Yeah. Not just fight it. We have to get rid of it. Make sure its not around to give orders to anybody. Its the merely way to keep the shapeshifters from being split.Iliana looked down soberly at the snowstorm of paper that covered her floor. Does any of that blockade tell you how to kill a dragon?Keller lifted a piece of diploma, dropped it. So far, no(prenominal) of this stuff has told us anything useful.Yeah, but we havent even looked through half of it, Winnie pointed out. And since you and Galen are the only ones who asshole read the writing, the parts Nissa and I have gone through dont really count.There was definitely a lot of work left. Keller stifled a sigh and said briskly, Well, we dont need to worry about killing the dragon right now. If we can fight him off long enough to get through the promise ceremony, we can worry about destroying him afterward. Winnie, why dont you and Nissa start savoring to figure out a way to protect Ili ana at the party Saturday? And Galen and I can stay up tonight and read through these scrolls.Winnie looked concerned. Boss, youre severe to do too much. If you dont sleep sometime, youre going to start cracking up. Ill sleep on Sunday, Keller said firmly. When its all over.Keller had meant that she and Galen could study the scrolls separately that night. But when everybody else headed for their bedrooms, he stayed in the family room with her and watched the eleven oclock news. More creature attacks.Keller pulled out her pile of scroll fragments. It was her way of precept good night, and much easier than looking at him.But he just said quietly, Ill get my half, and brought them out.Keller felt uncomfortable. It wasnt that she could find any fault with what he was doing. He was studying his pieces of scroll intently and letting her do the same.But every now and then, he would look at her. She could feel his eyes on her, feel that they were serious and steady and that he was waiti ng for her to look up.She never did.And he never said anything. After a while, he would always go back to his parchments. They worked on and on in silence.Still, Keller was assured of him. She couldnt help it She was a panther she could genius the heat of his body even three feet away. She could smell him, too, and he smelled good. Clean and a little insect arcseconde like the soap he used, and even more like himself, which was something lovesome and golden and healthy. Like a puppy with a nice come out on a summer afternoon.It was very, very distracting. Sometimes the delivery on the scrolls blurred in front of her eyes. But worst of all, worse than judgement his heat or smelling his scent or knowing his eyes were on her, was something more subtle that she couldnt exactly define. A connection. A sense of tension between them that she could almost touch. The air was buzzing with it. It lifted up the little hairs on Kellers arms. And no matter how she tried to will it away, i t only seemed to grow and grow. Somehow the silence made it worse, made it more profound. I have to say something, Keller thought.Something casual, to show that Im not affected.She stared at the scrolls, which she was beginning to hate. If only she could find something useful Then she saw it. Right there on the scroll she was studying.Galen. Theres something here-in a copy of the oldest records about dragons. Its talking about what the dragons can do, what their powers are besides the dark energy.She read from the scroll, hesitating on account books that were less familiar to her. A dragon has only to touch an animal and it is able to chance upon that animals form, know all that the animal knows, do all that the animal can do. There is no-I think it says limit-on the number of shapes it can master. Therefore, it is a true shapeshifter and the only one worthy of the name. I told you this stuff was old, she added. I think the original was written by the dragons press instrument du ring the war. No limit on the number of shapes it can master, Galen repeated with growing excitement. That makes sense, you know. Thats what the First House has inherited, only in a diluted form. universe able to pick whichever shape we want to become- but only the first time. After that, were stuck with it, of course.Do you have to touch an animal to learn its shape?He nodded. Thats how we choose. But if a dragon can touch anything and assume its shape- and change over and over His voice trailed off. Yeah. Its going to be awfully difficult to spot them,Keller said. The tension in the air had been somewhat laid-off by talking, and she felt a little calmer. At least she could talk without the book of accounts sticking in her throat.But Galen wasnt helping. He leaned closer, peering down at her scroll. I wonder if it says anything else, anything about how to identify wait. Keller, look down here at the bottom.To do it, she had to bend her head so that his hair brushed her cheek. What?Horns, something about horns, he muttered almost feverishly. Youre better at translating than I am. Whats this discourse? Regardless? No, its more like no matter. She began to read. But no matter what form it takes, a dragon may always be known- By its horns, he chimed in, reading with her. They finished together, helping each other. A dragon has from one to three horns on its forehead, and in some rare cases four. These horns-both their voices rose- which are the croup of its power are most cruelly removed by the witches who nonplus them, to steal from them the power of changing.They both stopped. They kept thoroughgoing(a) at the parchment for what seemed endless minutes toKeller. Galen was gripping her wrist so hard that it hurt.Then he said softly, Thats it. Thats the answer.He looked up at her and gave her wrist a little shake. Thats the answer. Keller, we did it we found it.Shh Youre going to wake up the whole house. But she was almost as shaky with excitement as he was. let me think. Yeah, that guy Azhdeha could have had horns. His hair was all messy, covering his forehead, and I immortalize thinking that was a little strange. The rest of him looked so neat.You see? He laughed breathlessly, exultantly.Yes. But-well, do you have any idea how hard it would be to try and take off a dragons horns?No, and I dont care. Keller, stop it, stop trying to dampen this The point is, we found it. We know something about dragons that can hurt them. We know how to fightKeller couldnt help it. His exhilaration was infectious. All at once, all the bottled-up emotions inside her started to come out. She squeezed his arm back, half laughing and half crying.You did it, she said. You found the part.It was on your scroll. You were just about to get there.You were the one who suggested we look at the scrolls in the first place.You were the one- Suddenly, he broke off. He had been looking at her, laughing, their faces only inches apart as they congratulated each oth er in whispers. His eyes were like the woods in summertime, golden-green with darker green motes in them that seemed to shift in the light.But now something hike pain crossed his face. He was still looking at her, still gripping her arm, but his eyes went bleak.Youre the one, he said quietly.Keller had to brace herself. Then she said, I dont know what youre talking about.Yes, you do.He said it so simply, so flatly. There was almost no way to argue.Keller found one. Look, Galen, if this is about what happened in the library-At least youre admitting that something happened now.-then I dont know whats wrong with you. Were both shapeshifters, and there was a minute when we sort of lost our objectivity. Were under a lot of stress. We had a moment of physical draw poker. It happens, when you do a job like this you just cant take it seriously.He was staring at her. Is that what youve convinced yourself happened? A moment of physical attraction?The equity was that Keller had almost convin ced herself that nothing had happened-or convinced her mind, anyway.I told you, she said, and her voice was harsher than shed heard it for a long time. Love is for weak people. Im not weak, and I dont contrive to let anything make me weak. And, besides, what is your problem? Youve already got a fiance. Dianas brave and harming and beautiful, and shes going to be very, very powerful. What more could you want?Youre right, Galen said. Shes all those things. And I respect her and admire her-I even love her. Who could help loving her? But Im not in love with her. Im-Dont say it. Keller was angry now, which was good. It made her strong. What conformation of prince would put his personal happiness above the fate of his people? supra the fate of the whole freaking world, for that matter?I dont he raged back. He was disquisition softly, but it was still a rage, and he was a little bit frightening. His eyes blazed a deep and endless green. Im not saying I wont go through with the ceremony . All Im saying is that its you I love. Youre my soulmate, Keller. And you know it.Soulmate. The word hit Keller and ricocheted, clunking inside her as it made its way down. When it hit bottom, it settled into a little niche made especially for it, fitting exactly.It was the word to describe what had really happened in the library. No stress-induced moment of physical attraction and no simple romantic flirtation, either. It was the soulmate principle.She and Galen were soulmates.And it didnt matter a bit, because they could never be together.

Cloning human Beings is not ethical Essay

Here devil abruptly deepens the aureole and creates ace of sorrow and regret, and so he personas his mutual technique to change the atmosp here(predicate) in reflection to tikes smackings, and he does this here to link the righteous kernel with affective feelings the subscriber is experiencing, to make it more respectable. Here he is aiming to imply that you pull up stakes regret not giving money and love to the more ill-omened than you, even if you dont feel that representation at the sentence. get along on in this chapter, Dickens creates powerful atmospheres to develop his lesson message further. He most notably does this when tyke enters his joyful grizzly gaffer (Fezziwig) w atomic number 18house where he was apprenticed. Whilst Dickens is describing the Christmas event as happy and ecstatic, this develops a powerful atmosphere by numerous significant ways. For typeface, whilst the event is happening, he repeats over and over again In came in came in came in came, to describe the entry of the guests at Fezziwigs event, and Dickens uses this to develop an atmosphere and a stem of joyfulness and togetherness, and that consequently shows, surface-of-pocket to Dickens recurring technique, that the int expiry effect on the lector is to make him/her feel happy. This suggests that most e actu entirelyyone was keen to be celebrating Christmas together by all appearing one by one at this event. He is intending the reader therefore to feel part of the happy occasion, and this is emphasized by the fact that lots of sight are coming, which essentially suggests that everyone is welcome.This get hold ofs richly with the spirit and meaning of Christmas that Dickens is attempting to coiffure forward in his moral message, through the use of this atmosphere. He is expressing that Christmas time is a time for sharing and spending time with your family and friends, which is reflected in Scrooges y breakh, but contrasts with Scrooges life at pre sent. Therefore, this makes Scrooge, due to the pinch of Christmas Past, think more rough how he is acting at the present, where he is anti-social and refuses to acknowledge that he has to be sharing and fondness during Christmas time.As well as successfully creating, building, and developing atmospheres to develop a moral message in chapter two, Dickens uses suspense in chapter 4 to try and make the effect of the moral message more powerful to the reader by using a darker theme. Dickens creates a spookier and forbidding atmosphere straight away at the start of chapter four, and he does this so the reader can then appreciate the suspense. Dickens does this because he intends the reader to get gripped into the darker theme and storyline, and as said above, this makes the moral message more influential to the reader.For instance, he does this at the start of chapter four, when Dickens describes the entrance of the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come as he writes The Phantom slowly, gra vely, silently approached. The very air through which this Spirit moved seemed to scatter gloom and mystery. This creates sharp suspense and it also creates a dark theme to lay the foundations for this chapter. Then, Dickens creates more suspense by not making the ghost/ darkness talk.By doing this, Dickens is deliberately developing suspense by leave the reader in the unknown, and is equally implying by this that everyone is going to die at some point, due to the dark theme and the places this ghost takes Scrooge to. In addition, making the ghost just use its hands to guide the way for Scrooge makes him as a result become more direful and this adds to the suspense and atmosphere. Dickens uses even more clever techniques to draw the readers attention and make them even more aware of the moral message.He writes Its likely to be a very threepenny funeral, said the same speaker for upon my life I dont know of anybody to go to it. Suppose we make up a society and volunteer. I don t mind going if a eat is provided, observed the gentleman with the excrescence on his nose. But I mustiness be fed, if I make one. The mans attitude here is that he does not take Scrooges death poorly and is using it as an opportunity to make a joke out of. Dickens uses powerful dramatic irony as the reader knows that those tidy sum were talking about Scrooge, however, Scrooge is not aware of this until later.Dickens does this appropriately in the light of the darker theme, because he intends to again powerfully convey his moral message to the reader, and because he portrays those people to be talking carelessly about Scrooge, and approaching his death with a considerable amount of blasi , he hopes to indirectly tell the reader that if you spend your life remarking all your riches to yourself and not being generous and kind-hearted, nobody will care about you and show respect for you when you are dead. Scrooge is used as an example to what the fate is of those who do not fo llow Dickens moral message.another(prenominal) example of suspense and atmosphere revealing this moral message is when old Joe and Mrs Dilber are pictured having stolen a bundle of Scrooges possessions and are looking through them. Dickens builds on the uncanny atmosphere and theme he has created in chapter four, and writes about more people talking indifferently about Scrooges death If he wanted to keep them after he was dead, a wicked old screw, pursued the woman, why wasnt he natural in his lifetime. If he had been, hed hold up had somebody to look after him when he was struck with Death, kinda of lying gasping out his last there, alone by himself. This later educe ceases to be dramatic irony once Scrooge has found out that these people had been talking about his death, and therefore it plays an important part in the development of Scrooges characterisation, because after having seen the consequences of his unkind and selfish demeanour with all three ghosts, his reactions to this dialogue suggest that he wants to change his character, and this is substantiate soon after when he wakes up in chapter five, and greets everyone a spirited Christmas in the street..In conclusion, it would be fair and accurate to say that this overbold was written solely for the purpose of getting the people of Victorian Britain to change their attitudes towards the deserving and the undeserving poor, through the use of haunting and ghosts. It was intended to deliver its moral message through the use of atmosphere and suspense, and to convey this message through varying themes.On the whole I have thoroughly enjoyed reading this novel, especially chapter two whilst looking through Scrooges past, as it reveals a lot of what his true inner genius is, regardless of what his spiteful character is described as in chapter one. I also like this novel as it has a fitting end regarding the moral message, which is, in this case, we all have the possibility to change our disposition f or the good.My opinion is that Dickens without a doubt achieves all his intentions with the successful use of the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Yet to Come being the key in Scrooges characterisation and Dickens utter proficiency in the art of the side of meat language enables us to depict his novel as a beautiful one. And, as for Scrooges journey, it is a lesson to be learnt from by all of us, in any era.

Error Correction Model

Introduction Exchange range play a indispensable role in a countys level of trade, which is critical to either ex hotshotrate market economies in the world. Besides, exchange rate atomic number 18 source of bread in forex market. For this reasons they ar among the most watched, analyzed and governmentally manipulated scotch measures. Therefore, it would be interesting to explore the factors of exchange rate volatility. This paper examines practicable descent mingled with EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD exchange rates. For analyzing singingship amid these both currencies we apply to co-integration and actus reus field gravel.The strainner part of this paper consists of literature review of the chief(prenominal) concepts. present we discussed elevator carregressive sequence serial publication, covariance unmoving serial, rigorous reversion, stochastic walk of lifes, dickie-seat- chuck-full statistic for a whole go under test. * The bite part of the project conta ins compendium and interpretation of co-integration and hallucination correction precedent amongst EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD exchange rates. Considering the fact, that behavior of these two currencies has been changed during the crisis, we superstar by integrity discuss tercet fourthly dimension series catchs * 1999 2013 * 1999 to 2008 * 2008 to 2013. Autoregressive clock while series A key feature of the log-linear models depiction of barrier series and a key feature of the metre series in common is that menstruation-period rates atomic number 18 cerebrate to forward period care for. For example current exchange rate of USD/EUR is related to its exchange rate in the antecedent period. An autoregressive model (AR) is a clock series regressed on its own historical values, which represents this race effectively. When we exercise session this model, we apprise buoy drop the normal notation of Y as the dependent variant and X as the independent variable, beca exercise we no biger lead that distinction to postulate. present we simply part Xt. For instance, beneath we use a first base order auto arrested development for the variable Xt. Xt=b0+b1*Xt-1+? t Covariance stationary series To conduct valid statistical inference we must make a key assumption in time series analysis We must assume that the time series we atomic number 18 modeling is Covariance Stationary. The staple fiber idea is that a time series is covariance stationary, if its mean and variance do not change over time. A covariance stationary series must satisfy three principal requirements. Expected value of the time series must be unalterable and finite in all periods. * segmentation should be constant and finite. * The covariance of the time series with itself for a fixed make sense of periods in the past or future must be constant and finite. So, we dissolve summarize if the plot shows the like mean and variance through time without any signifi fecal mattert seasonality, consequently the time series is covariance stationary. What happens if a time series is not covariance stationary moreover we use auto turnaround model? The estimation leaves testament have no economic meaning.For a non-covariance- stationary time series, estimating the fixation with the help of AR model allow yield spurious results. Mean Reversion We say that time series shows mean reversion if it tends to fall when its level is above its mean and rise when its level is below its mean. If a time series atomic number 18 currently at its mean atavism level, then the model predicts, that the value of the time series depart be the identical in the bordering period Xt+1=Xt. For an auto regressive model, the equality Xt+1 = Xt implies the level Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt or Xt = b0 / (1 b1)So the auto turnaround model predicts that time series will check-out procedure the same if its current value is b0/(1 b1), increase if its current value is below b0 / (1 b1), and decrease if its current value is above b0 / (1 b1). Random Walks A haphazard walk is a time series in which the value of the series in hotshot period is the value of the series in the preceding(prenominal) period positive an unpredic send back mis scud. Xt = Xt-1 + ? t, E(? t)=0, E(? t2) = ? 2, E(? t, ? s) = 0 if t? s This equation convey that the time series Xt is in every period equal to its value in the foregoing period plus an flaw line, ? , that has constant variance and is uncorrelated with the misconduct circumstance in previous periods. Note, that this equation is a special case of auto correlation coefficient model with b0=0 and b1=1. The expected value of ? t is zero. Unfortunately, we cannot use the arrested development methods on a time series that is random walk. To see why, discard that if Xt is at its mean reverting level, than Xt = b0/ (1 b1). As, in a random walk b0=0 and b1=1, so b0/ (1 b1) = 0/0. So, a random walk has an undefined mean reverting le vel. but, we can attempt to change the data to a covariance stationary time series.We create a immature time series, Yt, where individually period is equal to the difference between Xt and Xt-1. This transformation is called first-differencing. Yt= Xt Xt-1 = ? t, E (? t) = 0, E (? t2) = ? 2, E (? t, ? s) = 0 for t? s The first-differenced variable, Yt, is a covariance stationary. First note, that Yt=? t model is an auto regressive model with b0 = 0 and b1 = 0. Mean-reverting level for first differenced model is b0/ (1 b1) = 0/1 = 0. Therefore, a first differenced random walk has a mean reverting level of 0. Note also the variance of Yt in each period is Var(? ) = ? 2. Because the variance and the mean of Yt are constant and finite in each period, Yt is a covariance stationary time series and we can model it apply linear retroflection. Dickey-Fuller Test for a Unit Root If the lag coefficient in AR model is equal to 1, the time series has a whole of measurement calm down s ystem It is a random walk and is not covariance stationary. By definition all random walks, with or without drift verge have unit substructures. If we believed that a time series Xt was a random walk with drift, it would be tempting to estimate the parameters of the AR model Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt -1 + ? using linear atavism and conduct a t-test of the guesswork that b1=1. Unfortunately, if b1=1, then xt is not covariance stationary and the t-value of the estimated coefficient b1 does not actually follow the t scattering, consequently t-test would be invalid. Dickey and Fuller developed a infantile fixation based unit root test based on a transformed version of the AR model Xt = b0 + b1 * Xt -1 + ? t. Subtracting xt-1 from both(prenominal) sides of the AR model produces xt- xt-1=b0+(b1-1)xt-1+ ? t or xt-xt-1 = b0 + g1xt-1+ ? t, E(? ) = 0 where gt = (b1-1). If b1 = 1, then g1 = 0 and thus a test of g1 = 0 is a test of b1 = 1. If on that point is a unit root in the AR model, then g 1 will be 0 in a regression where the dependent variable is the first difference of the time series and the independent variable is the first lag of the time series. The null meditation of the Dickey-Fuller test is H0 g1 =0 that is, that the time series has a unit root and is non stationary and the alternative hypothesis is Ha G1 0, that the time series does not have a unit root and is stationary.To conduct the test, one calculates a t- statistic in the conventional dash for g(hat)1 but rather of using conventional critical values for a t- test, one uses a revised set of values computed by Dickey and Fuller the revised set of critical values are large in absolute value than the conventional critical values. A occur of software packages incorporate Dickey- Fuller tests. REGRESSIONS WITH MORE THAN ONE TIME series Up to now, we have discussed time-series models only for one time series. In practice regression analysis with much than one time-series is more common.If any time s eries in a linear regression contains a unit root, ordinary least square estimates of regression test statistics may be invalid. To de considerationine whether we can use linear regression to model more than one time series, allow us start with a ace independent variable that is, there are two time series, one corresponding to the dependent variable and one corresponding to the independent variable. We will then extend our discussion to multiple independent variables. We first use a unit root test, such as the Dickey-Fuller test, for each of the two time series to de bournine whether either of them has a unit root.There are several viable scenarios related to the outcome of these test. One possible scenario is that we remark neither of time series has a unit root. Then we can safely use linear regression to test the relations between the two time series. A consequence possible scenario is that we reject the hypothesis of a unit root for the independent variable but fit to reje ct the hypothesis of a root unit for the independent variable. In this case, the fallacy term in the regression would not be covariance stationary.Therefore, one or more of the hobby linear regression assumptions would be violated 1) that the expected value of the error term is 0. 2 that the variance of the error term is constant for all observations and 3) that the error term is uncorrected crosswise observations. Consequently, the estimated regressions coefficients and measuring errors would be inconsistent. The regression coefficient might appear significant, but those results would be spurious. Thus we should not use linear regression to analyze the relation between the two time series in this scenario.A third possible scenario is the reverse of the second scenario We reject the hypothesis of a unit root for the dependent variable but fail to reject the hypothesis of a unit root for the independent variable. In the case also, like the second scenario, the error term in the r egression would not be covariance stationary, and we cannot use linear regression to analyze the relation between the two time series. The following possibility is that both time series have a unit root. In this case, we need to establish where the two time series are co-integrated before we can rely on regression analysis.Two time series are co-integrated if a long time financial or economic relationship populates between them such that they dont depart from each another(prenominal) without bound in the long run. For example, two time series are co-integrated if they share a common trend. In the fourth scenario, both time series have a unit root but are not co-integrated. In this scenario, as in the second and third scenario above, the error term in the linear regression will not be covariance stationary, some regressions assumptions will be violated, the regression coefficients and commonplace errors will not be consistent, and we cannot use them for the hypothesis tests.Cons equently, linear regression of one variable on the other would be meaningless. Finally, the fifth possible scenario is that both time series have unit root, but they are co-integrated in this case, the error term in the linear regression of one term series on the other will be covariance stationary. Accordingly, the regression coefficients and standard errors will be consistent, and we can use them for the hypothesis test. However we should be very cautious in interpreting the results of regression with co-integrated variables.The co-integrated regression estimates long term relation between the two series but may not be the best model of the short term relation between the two series. direct let us examine at how we can test for co-integration between two time series that each have a unit root as in the last two scenarios above. Engle and husbandman suggest this test if yt and xt are both time series with a unit root, we should do the following 1) Estimate the regression yt = b0 + b1xt + ? t 2) Test whether the error term from the regression in Step 1 has a unit root coefficients of the regression, we cant use standard critical values for the Dickey Fuller test.Because the residuals are based on the estimated coefficients of the regression, we cannot use the standard critical values for the Dickey- Fuller test. Instead, we must use the critical values computed by Engle and Granger, which take into account the effect of the uncertainty about the regression parameters on the distribution of the Dickey- Fuller test. 3) If the (Engle Granger) Dickey- Fuller test fails to reject the null hypothesis that the error term has a unit root, then we conclude that the error term in the regression is not covariance stationary.Therefore, the two time series are not co-integrated. In this case any regression relation between the two series is spurious. 4) If the (Engle- Granger) Dickey- Fuller test rejects the null hypothesis that the error term has a unit root, then we conclude that the error term in the regression is covariance stationary. Therefore, the two time series are co-integrated. The parameters and standard errors from linear regression will be consistent and will let us test hypotheses about the long term relation between the two series. .If we cannot reject the null hypothesis of a unit root in the error term of the regression, we cannot reject the null hypothesis of no co-integration. In this scenario, the error term in the multiple regressions will not be covariance stationary, so we cannot use multiple regression to analyze the relationship among the time series. Long-run Relationship For our analysis we use EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD exchange rates with respect to AMD from 1999 to 2013 with monthly bases. After estimating the normality of these time series we free-base out that the normality has rejected.We got right skewness result and to correct them we employ log values of exchange rates. Studying the trade between Armenia and atom ic number 63 or Great Britain we found out that there is almost no trade relationship between them. Besides we assume, that Armenian Central cant keeps floating rate of AMD. Taking into consideration these two factors the impact of AMD is miserable to have an essential influence on EUR/GBP rate. That is why we assume that the next models we will build show the relation between EUR and GBP. Graph 1 represents movement of EUR/AMD GBP/AMD since 1999 to 2013.From it we can assume that these two currencies have strong long run relationship until Global Financial Crisis. As a result of shock in 2008 the previous relationship has been changed. However, it seems to be long term co-movement between the currencies. To accept or reject our conclusions we examine exchange rates until now including Global Financial Crisis, without crisis and later crisis. Co-integration of period from 1999 to 2013 To be considered as co-integrated the two variables should be non-stationary. So the first step in our model is to check the stationarity of variables by using augment Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test.EViews has three options to test unit-root * Intercept only * Trend and Intercept * None From the first graph it is visible, that the sample average of EUR/AMD time series is greater than 0, which representation that we have an interrupt and it should be let ind in unit-root test. Although, series goes up and down, data is not evolving around the trend, we do not have change magnitude or decreasing pattern. Besides, we can separately try each of the components and include trend and intercept, if they are significant. In the case of EUR/AMD the appropriate decision is only intercept. Table 1. 1Table 1. We see it from the Table 1. 1, where augment Dickey-Fuller test shows p-value of 0. 1809 and as we have decided to use 5% significance level, Null Hypothesis cannot be rejected, which means there is a unit root. So, EUR/AMD exchange rate time-series is non-stationary. The same step should be applied with GBP/AMD exchange rates. We have estimated it and found out, that Augmented Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 3724, which gives us the same results, as in the previous one the variable has unit root. Since, the two variables are non-stationary, we can build the regression model yt = b0 + 1xt + ? t (Model 1. 1) and use et residuals from this model. So, the second step is to check stationarity for these residuals. present we should use Eagle Granger 5% critical value instead of Augmented Dickey Fuller one, which is equal to -3. 34. Comparing this with Augmented Dickey-Fuller t-Statistic -1. 8273. Here minus signs should be ignored. So, comparing two values, we cannot reject Null Hypothesis, which means residuals have unit-root, they are non-stationary. This outcome is not desirable, which means the two variables are not co-integrated.Co-integration till crisis period (1999-2008) Referring back to graph 1, we assume that in 1999-2013 time series two variables are not co-integrated because of shock related to financial crisis. That is why it will be rational first to draw off data from 2008 to 2013 and then again check co-integration between two variables. Here the same steps should be applied as in checking co-integration for time series from 1999 to 2013. For time series from 1999 to 2008, for EUR/AMD exchange rate, Augmented Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 068. From the p-value it is lighten up that we cannot reject Null Hypothesis, which means it has a unit root. Having unit root means EUR/AMD exchange rate time-series is non-stationary. Now we should test stationarity of GBP/AMD exchange rates. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test p-value is 0. 2556, which means the variable is non-stationary. Since, the two variables are non-stationary, we should build the regression model and using residuals check stationarity. Table 2. 1 In the table above Augmented Dickey Fuller t-test is 3. 57 and so greater than Eagle-Granger 5% significance level c ritical value 3. 34. That is why we can reject Null Hypothesis and accept Alternative Hypothesis, which means that residuals in regression model has no unit root. Consequently, they are stationary and we can conclude, that EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD time series are co-integrated have long run relationship. As the variables such as EUR/AMD and GBP/AMD are co-integrated, we can run the error correction model (ECM) as below D(yt) = b2 + b3*D(xt) + b4*Ut-1 +V (Model 1. 2) * D(yt) and D(xt) are first differenced variables b2 is the intercept * b3 is the short run coefficient * V white noise error term * Ut-1 is the one period lag residual of ? t . Ut-1 is also know as equilibrium error term of one period lag. This Ut-1 is an error correction term that guides the variables of the system to restore back to equilibrium. In other words, it corrects this equilibrium. The sign before b4 or the sign of error correction term should be negative after estimation. The coefficient b4 tells as at what rate it corrects the previous period disequilibrium of the system.When b4 is significant and contains negative sign, it validates that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship among variables. After estimating Model 1. 2, short run coefficient value b3 has been 1. 03 and was found significant. And b4, the coefficient of error term has been 5. 06 percent meaning that system corrects its previous dis-equilibrium at a speed of 5. 06% monthly. Moreover, the sign of b4 is negative and significant indicating that cogency of long run equilibrium relationship between EUR and GBP.Co-integration during crises period (2008-2013) Now is the time to check stationarity of variables in the period after crisis by the same way as we did above. From the ADF test it is clear that the two variables are non-stationary, after which we can construct ADF Eagle Granger test for residuals. However, because of ADF t-statistic is smaller, than Eagle Granger critical value, we could not reject that the resi duals have unit-root. So, they are non-stationary and co-integration does not exist between the two currencies.

Persuasive Essay on Overpopulation Essay

Overpopulation is becoming one of the most preeminent problems facing human civilization. This complicated, permeative expiration will come to be a problem of the achievement importance for people of all races, religions, and nationalities. Our planet now provides for approximately 5.8 gazillion people, with projections of more or less 10 billion by the year 2050. Two billion of these be extremely poor, the poorest of which live in absolute poverty and misery. ane very serious effect of the population explosion is its detrimental do on the global environment. Increasing amounts of food, energy, water, and shelter are required to fill up the needs of human society. Much of our energy is derived from the burning of fossil fuels-releasing millions of calculated tons of toxins into the atmosphere annually.The amount of put down required for food business will grow increasingly larger, while the amount of available land will grow increasingly smaller. The affects of overpopula tion on human society are many. Suffering from a lack of resources, people are often control to war when they become too numerous for their available resources. Ethnic and racial differences will grow increasingly frequent and unresolvable. Increasing numbers in urban areas will lower quality of life in cities around the world. The precipitators of this complex issue are unlimited. Factors such as poverty, food distribution, and disposal corruption are all important aspects. No one will be unaffected by the repercussions of an overpopulated world. This highly sensitive and complex issue demands the attention of all who reside upon this planet, particularly those who have the ability to mould for change.

To What Extent Are Conformity and Obedience Likely Outcomes of Human Behaviour

Conformity and regard ar forms of affectionate influences which strongly affect our conduct in genial situations from following fashions to committing im moralistic acts because we are commanded to by some wizard who appears to be in a position of authority. This essay looks at to what extent are conformity and obedience likely outcomes of human behaviour and can individuals avoid these social influences? Conformity is a change in belief or behaviour in response to real or imagined group pushure when there is no direct request to comply with the group nor any priming to justify the behaviour change (Gross 2010 P401).Research has shown that when confronted by social norms individuals will frequently adjust their behaviour closer to the perceived norm. The Asch (1951) try out involved subjects do a perception task saying which of a selection of lines matched a control line in length. The subjects were unaware that the other participants in the direction were confederates. During the experiment confederates would give the same incorrect answer to the question. Asch found that no one conformed on all the critical trials, and 13 of the 50 participants (26 per cent) neer conformed.One soul conformed on 11 of the 12 critical trials, and about 75 per cent conformed at least once during the experiment. (Gross 2010 P403). This is backed up by Doms and Avermaet (1981) experiment they reproduced the same result as Asch. Obedience means behaving as instructed, but non necessarily changing your opinions. Obedience happens when you are explicitly directed to do something. Most obedience is reasonable, but when it is to unjust authority, the consequences may be disastrous. Flanagan 2008 P125) In Milgrams experiment (1963) each participant took the role of a instructor who would thus deliver a shock to the student each time an incorrect answer was produced. Whilst the participant believed that he was delivering real shocks the student was actually a confede rate in the experiment. As the experiment progressed the teacher would hear the student plead to be released. Once the 300-volt level had been reached the learner banged on the wall and demanded to be released.After this point the learner was completely tongueless and refused to answer any more questions. The experimenter then instructed the participant to treat this lock as an incorrect answer and deliver the shock. Most participants asked the experimenter if they should continue. The experimenter issued a serial publication of commands to prod the participants along please continue and the experiment requires that you continue. The results of the experiment show that of the 40 participants 26 delivered the maximum shocks while only 14 stopped before reaching the highest levels.Some participants became extremely agitated and angry at the experimenter but continued to follow his orders. The findings from both these experiments would suggest that we conform and imitate to a great extent. However levels of obedience did alter when we look at unlike variations of Milgrams experiment (1963) for example proximity of learner If the teacher was placed in the same room as the learner and had to press the learners hand on the shock plate, obedience hide to 30%. Flanagan 2008 P125). Moscovici in his experiment of minority influence showed that people did not conform or obey. He placed 2 confederates together with 4 genuine participants all had no colour blindness. They were shown 36 slides which were clearly different shades of toothsome and asked to state the colour out loud. In the kickoff part of the experiment the 2 confederates answered consistently green for each of the 36 slides. In the piece part they answered inconsistent green 24 and blue 12 times.Moscovici found that the participants in the consistent assure yielded and called the slides green in 8. 4% of trials. 32% of the participants in the consistent condition reported a green slide at least on ce. Participants in the inconsistent condition yielded and called the slides in only 1. 3% of the trials. In this situation we can larn that social influence occurs as a result of minority, rather than volume influence therefore minorities can influence the majority but not all the time and only when the confederates behaved consistently.Moscovici shows that if majority influence was the only process, then opinions would never change because we all would continue to follow the majority. Yet level is littered with examples of changing attitudes, such as those towards females and homosexuals. These changes are due to minority influence. These findings to somewhere towards answering the initial question of this discussion to what extent are conformity and obedience likely outcomes of human behaviour?Obviously there is no definite answer and never will be as all humans are individuals with their own personality. Every person is innate(p) into society with their own particular cultur e, language, style of dress and behaviour. However, every person is introduced to acceptable attitudes and beliefs, and learn certain norms and values which are thought take over by other members of their group. This socialisation can effect peoples decision qualification and choices because we as humans feel the need to have acceptance and to be part of a group therefore to conform and obide.In answer to the second question can individuals avoid these social influences? Social influence occurs when ones emotions, opinions or behaviours are effected by others and can be seen in conformity and obedience. Social Influence is largely concerned with the factors that exert the status quo by conforming to the views or behaviour of the majority or obedience to those in a position of authority. People with strong moral convictions are less likely to be influenced therefore avoiding social influence. (Flanagan 2008).