Techniques of Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Techniques of Cloning It is now exe newspaper clippingable to make clones, or exact genetic copies, of sheep, cows, goats, mice and, probably, humans. This opens the way towards the production of rehabilitation body parts from adult cells ( Gurdon and Colman 743 ). Cloning techniques have been in wasting disease for centuries. The practice of taking cuttings is universal among gardeners, and large companies now propagate delectable plant strains in their millions. Lower invertebrates slew also be cloned. For example, cut an earthworm or flatworm in half, and the missing halves will repossess to create two genetically identical individuals. Although vertebrates cannot be cloned by these routes, identical twins are naturally occurring genetic clones. Moreover, the method of nuclear transplantation, primary developed about forty years ago in frogs, has been successfully used to make clones of sheep, mice, cows and goats, and it could probably be applied to pop ulate too. By taking a few non-reproductive cells from adult mammals, identical replicas can be created without damage or even inconvenience to the donors. In vertebrates, impregnation begins with the union of the sperm and the junky. The unfertilized egg is stopped at a certain stage of the cell-division cycle, and the sperm provides an activation stimulus that triggers the resumption and closing of cell division. The egg and sperm pronuclei therefore swell, their chromosomes unravel from the tightly packed, condensed commonwealth in which they are stored, and DNA replication can proceed ( Gurdon and Colman 743 ). The chromosomes then recondense, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and the fertilized egg divides into two identical daughter cells. thermonuclear transfer subverts fertilization by replacing the female genetic visible of an unfertilized egg with the nucleus from a different cell. This was first do successfully on frogs in the 1950s, in the U nited States and Britain ( Gurdon and Colman 744 ). A non-reproductive (somatic) cell, much(prenominal) as an intestinal epithelial cell, was ruptured by suction into a crank microneedle. Its nucleus, surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm, was then injected into an unfertilized egg from which the female genetic material had been removed or destroyed by ultraviolet irradiation. Some of