Importance Of Urban Tourism

Importance Of urban phaetonryMan has been traveling around the length and breadth of the earth with various motives. The reason could be anything c ar, leisure or education it all falls under a b alley categorisation of holidaymakerry. The technological instructions and transformation of the dry land into a international biotic conjunction has aftermathed in extensive return of phaetonry around the world in recent years. touristry has been the prime reason for the enhanced levels of inter paganal contact. A mind into toureric countries shows that their socio heathenish structures brace had great function as a result of tourerry. The changes be it arrogant or negative, differs from coun smack to country. Changes result in reactions which could escape from resistance to a complete adoption.This piece of turn would look into the social and pagan impresss of tourism with a case study on Bournemouth.Chapter 2 urban touristryTourism plays a really muscular stop i n the urban centers topical anesthetic parsimony. Tourism non solitary(prenominal) supports the frugality of a urban center but similarly is responsible for socio- close impact on the people. Where tourism tries to build numerous employment opportunities, it also affects the social and cultural relations between people from contrasting parts of the world.Travelling to contrastive parts of the world has alship offeral been an interest for e verybody. This not only gives them an luck to explore sassy place but also a escape from the usual day to day life. For some, travelling is for a business sleep together but for some it is for leisure. This evolved a virgin concept of tourism as an patience in the market. Though till 1980s tourism was not considered to be a healthy part of the economy. But, in the last some decades, it gained secondance. The people realize the possible of this market. Thus, the larger or the smaller cities were looked with a new perspective o f promoting tourism. The redevelopment in the cities took place slowly and step by step and they became a part of the wide tourism application.As Edwards et al.,2008 D. Edwards, T. Griffin and B. Hayllar,Urban tourismresearch developing an agenda, Annals ofTourismResearch 35 (4) (2008), pp. 1032-1052. Article PDF (143 K) View Record in Scopus Cited By in Scopus (0)Edwards et al. (2008 1038) state,tourismis genius among many another(prenominal) social and economic forces in theurbanenvironment. It encompasses an industry that manages and markets a variety of products and experiences to people who have a wide range of motivations, preferences and cultural perspectives and argon involved in a dialectic interlock with the host community. The out fall out of this engagement is a set of consequences for the tourist, the host community and the industry. (Ashworth Page, 2010)McIntyre et al (2000) argue that humans perceive and react differently to inherent versusurbansettings. Scen es of natural environments have a more commanding influence on human emotional states and stress levels than dourbanscenes. therefore they theorize that perceptions are integral to peoples motivations and actions therefore using a perceptually based comment ofurbancan provide a subsume between the cultural, political, physical, perceptual and economic aspects that must be integrated intourban tourism. (Edwards, Griffin, Hayllar, 2008)Importance of Urban TourismUrban tourism is cosmopolitan in nature. But still it has received very small attention for its definition and a proper demarcation in the economy. . (Ashworth Page, 2010, p. 40)Be ready of tourists, various cities get acknowledge for their immense potential of absorbing the people from other parts of the world. . (Ashworth Page, 2010, p. 40)A tourist wants to explore the urban utilities of other places. But, the tourist visiting places have a very small portion of the urban facilities to entertain them with. (Ashworth Page, 2010, p. 40)Urban tourism bears an entirely different geographical pattern from the city in order to attract the tourist and this change in geography is atomic number 53 of the attention seeking factors. (Page Hall, 2003)The primary and secondary elements that are further discussed down the stairs support employment and provide jobs.Urbanisation and GlobalisationGlobally, 46% of the worlds population constitute urban people and it is gauged that by 2030 this percentage depart extend to 61. Thus, it is very important for the urban people to understand that their place will be shared by the tourist. The world is getting small with globalization and thus the space needs to share with other people. Though, globalization emphasizes on devil main factorsGlobalization gives employment opportunitiesGlobalization supports import and exporting that further subjoins the income opportunities.Because of globalization, it is now evident that urban tourism and tourists from diffe rent part of the world enjoys the leisure experience that is specially built for them. (Page Hall, 2003, pp. 29-30)Urban Tourism as a business StrategyBy the 1970s the cities were losing a mountain of economy and they were wondering as how to rec all oer the loss and remediate income from this sector and create some jobs. This was the main reason for inculcating new activities that could accession the regeneration process. Where the cities were witnessing this economic shift, tourism was one sector that was flourishing. This gave them a new approach of income generation. On the cubic yard of travel and leisure it was concluded that tourism industry was to grow and be a part of the economy. Tourism as an industry was flummoxn optimistically by the urban crowd and was considered as a solution for a big financial crunch.The tourism industry demands investment to attract visitors. Furthermore, marketing and selling of a picture of a city that would love to see and buy. To market t he city, it is important to make some changes in the city. The refurbishment of the districts would bring the local residents more compact in the city.The larger cities equal London, New York etc. have ceaselessly been a centre of attraction. People always desire to go for a tourist destination like this. But it is very hard to understand the psychological science behind this. Generally, these elements can be broadly classified into dickens waysPrimary elements like theatres, monuments, historical expressions, sports, games, casinos, and the social and cultural life. southwardary elements like markets, obtain etc.These two elements were discovered by Jansen-Verbeke in 1988These two elements strike the mind of the visitor. At multiplication, the visitor is only visiting the alike place because of one interesting element or a motley of two or more. (Law, 1993, pp. 27-30)Cultural usurpation of Urban TourismBournemouth witnesses gazillions of tourist every year from different parts of the world. Because of this high volume of tourist response from different cultures, the culture has a major impact on the local residents. It has both advantages and disadvantages.The major advantage of culture tourism is the change over of culture with different cultures of the world. It deforms a effect of pride for the local residents to metamorphose their culture with other people. They feel more strongly bounded to their originality.The locals take cultural tourism in two optimistic ways braggy the host the prospect to come in contact with other different cultures which further results in understanding others and bone in tolerance levels.When the localities state their culture and tell about their culture in their own topographic point of view, they feel more strongly bounded to their ethnic origin and their grounds from where they originally belong to.Culture tourism affects the locals positively as considerably as in a negative way. Too much of anything is very bad. The aforementioned(prenominal) goes for the culture tourism. honourable to attract tourist and to expose them to the hosts culture, they try to over develop the city, over construct the primary elements. Also, with this reconstruction, the originality of the culture becomes diluted. (Besculides, Lee, McCormick, 2002) amicable impact of urban tourismThe rail network take offed in Bournemouth in the youthful 19th century. This was the main reason for increasing the population of the city and to increase the visitors at a phenomenal rate. With the travelling network in Bournemouth, the tourism industry started flourishing. Bournemouth was already famous for its primary elements and the history colligate to the same. Each and every element had a historical moment prone to it. The economy was coming in and was tangible enough to understand that Bournemouth has the potential to attract tourists. But, there was also a hidden side of the same point i.e. the social impacts. Where over development of the city has led to more of construction, heavy duty, increase taxes, etc on the one hand, it has also given them an opportunity to mingle up with other cultures. Where the travelling to the core of the city has become convenient for the countryside residents, it has also given them an employment opportunity in the same. (Haley, Snaith, Miller, 2005)Socio-Cultural Impact of urban TourismAccording to Fox(1977), cited in Mathieson and Wall(1982133), The social and cultural impacts of tourism are the ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in grade systems, individual behaviour, family relationships, collective lifestyles, safety levels, moral conduct, creative expressions, traditional ceremonies and community organisations, which they identify as people impacts, over cod to tourists on host communities and the interaction between these two groups. (Page Hall, 2003, p. 213)So, from the above definition it is clear that the social cultural impacts of tourism depends on three main factors, namelyTourist that demands for the service from the host cityHost that adjusts with the demands of the tourist and tries to leave an impression of their culture on the tourist andA mutual understanding between the two so that both of them are comfortable with each other (Page Hall, 2003, p. 213) sparing impact of Urban tourismFor understanding the economical impact of urban tourism, it is very important to consider the pursuance pointsThe flow of tourist in a particular cityThe local economic development of the cityThe type of economy that city persists like public, private or concoction economyThe income spent on tourist leisure activities and not import of goodsIt is said that tourist flow is seasonal. So, the impact of this and still trying to conserve the constant flow of tourist all year round.The secondary elements that a city dwells to attract the other people from the world.The above mentioned factors play a very important role in understanding the economical impact of urban tourism. To start with, the positive side it includesIncome generation for the city economyNew jobs and employment opportunitiesFair balance between the economic activities and the cityIncreasing business optionsBut, it also carries a negative side. It includes,If the tourist attracts to one form of element only, the economy starts paying attention to that element and habituation on that element drastically increases.InflationTo make a tourist comfortable and make their stay pleasurable, they start importing goods from others parts and their habituation and importance of their locally produced goods decreases.Tourism is seasonal (Page Hall, 2003, pp. 197-198)Employment Opportunities due to tourismAs the reconstruction always take place in a city, it is very obvious that the jobs are created. However, at a deeper level and in a more detailed way it is often difficult to quantify the impact of tourism on a city. Firstly, it is often difficult to bill the flow of tourists, even when a definition has been agreed. Comprehensive surveys are valuable and short cut methods are often unreliable and may, if repeated, come up with conflicting evidence. Secondly, the flow of income through the economy is difficult to trace, and it is difficult to encipher the number of jobs created. Tourisms impact is very diffuse and so not very visible, which is a problem for those campaigning for further support. Thirdly, the objectives of tourism development are also diffused and often interlinked with other objectives, so that it is difficult to isolate the impact. (Law, 1993, p. 169)Chapter 3 Bournemouth a Tourist DestinationBournemouth is one of the classical examples of urban tourism. It exhibits both the primary and the secondary elements that attracts the tourists and compels them to come over and over again. From theatres to shopping to site seeing, Bournemouth is a place to visit.About BournemouthArea Size 17.83 sq miles (46.15 sq km)21 Conservation Area designations7 miles of curved sandy beaches with three European Blue Flags and six Seaside deed oversAverage of 7.7 hours a day of spend sunshine842 hectares (2,080 acres) of parks and gardens with nine gardens holding the kelvin Flag Award (recognising environmental protection, community use and safety cleanliness)Population from Census 2001 is 163,444, the 2008 mid-year estimate is 163,900 and the population is projected to pull in al nigh 168,000 by 202668,800 employees in Bournemouth work in the service sector (ABI, NOMIS, 2007)Median gross weekly cyberspace for 2009 for the Bournemouth residents was 371.60 representing 93% of the England and Wales figure (ASHE, ONS)Over 14,600 students attended Bournemouth University in 2007/08 (65.4% over 21 years of age)Just over 1,000 overseas students attending Bournemouth University in 2007/08A total of 38 schools with 20,187 pupils (Schools Census, October 2009) 1,344 (gross) and 1,218 (net) new dw ellings constructed 2008/09Bournemouth Airport almost 1 million passengers (in 2007/08) to more than 50 destinations including USA, Europe and Channel Islands and over 11,000 tonnes of freightJust over 2.27 million rail passenger journeys in 2003/2004Just over 57 kilometres of Principal Type roads within the BoroughAverage theater price for February 2010 was 170,179 (Land Registry)Just over 57 kilometres of Principal Type roads within the Borough95 minutes rail journey to London Waterloo troubled Ferry from Poole to France (Cherbourg) or Channel IslandsCivic Trust Awards (2001) Bournemouth was awarded two awards, for the transmutation of The Square from a roundabout to a Civic space and for transforming Knyveton Gardens to a sensory garden for those with disabilities.(www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010)Prominent Bournemouth attractionsBournemouth BeachBournemouths beach has won awards systematically the quality, safety and cleanliness of its cardinal miles long beach. The beach offer s a range pissing sports and also provides the visitors the option of hiring beach. It is one of the safest beaches with the avail expertness of RNLI lifeguards all along the seven mile stretch of beach.Russell-Cotes Art Gallery MuseumTermed as one of the most fascinating and unique museums in the world. It comprises of the famous paintings and gems collected by the Russell-cotes family and housed in one of the last Victorian Villas in Bournemouth, East Cliff Hall. (russell-cotes.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2008)Bournemouth airmanship MuseumThe Bournemouth Aviation Museum a perfect day out for the family has exhibits covering 50 years of aviation with a display of Piston aircraft, military jets, a Biz-Jet, military trainer, helicopter and a nose section of the famous Vulcan bomber. (www.aviation-museum.co.uk, 2009)The florid House Museum GardensBuilt as a Georgian workhouse in 1764, the building now houses a number of objects reflecting the social and natural history of the area, its ge ology and archaeology. (www.information-britain.co.uk, 2005)Bournemouth pierThe original pier consisting of a short wooden jetty was open in the year 1856. But the present day pier has come a long way and is much longer than that. It has its own historical importance and has been refurbished over time due to corrosion and even ending due to invasions. Since 1871 it has been associated with pleasure steamers. Local boats operate from the pier offering many day trips and excursions. (www.theheritagetrail.co.uk, 2008)Bournemouths parks and countrysideBournemouth has a varied variety of ornamental gardens and countryside many of which have various protective designations. The councils parks and countryside staff manage 10 local natural reserves around the borough. In 2009 Bournemouth achieved nine Green Flags national award for its parks, these parks also offer guided walks large-minded information some fascinating trees to be found there. (www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2009)Bournemouth O ceanariumThe Oceanarium is a to the full interactive experience with touch essay games, feeding demonstrations and talks, plasma screen documentaries, with a walk-through underwater tunnel and exhibits. (bournemouth attractions, 2009)Availability of accommodation in BournemouthDevelopment of a city as a tourists destination gist there will be an influx of visitors and tourists coming to the city, these visitors require a temporary place to stay during their visit. This results in the development of different types of accommodations commission on different category of tourists.The existence of these accommodations also helps evolve new markets for products like souvenirs and memorabilia. Since it lands up increasing the demand for food and such facilities, workings on the demand and supply principle it attracts establishment of more businesses.The positive impact of these developments results in creation of jobs. Bournemouth tourism promotes the establishments of these accommod ations either under Bournemouth feeling Standards Scheme or the quality assed either by AA or case in tourism.The following table gives an sixth sense into the available accommodations in Bournemouth as in 2004TypeBedspaces (unless marked otherwise)Hotels12,836Guesthouses4,493BB747Self Catering402 UnitsTouring Caravans/Tents33 PITCHESSecond Homes1,586(www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010)Tourists expenditure associated with their tripTourists visits in a city representation tourists using up in the city. Tourists usually take the opportunity of being away on a break to spend generously on themselves. The tourists spend is more often than not categorise asOn accommodationOn shoppingOn food and drinkAttractions and entertainmentTravel.The local businesses over a full point of time get an understanding of the disbursal pattern of the visiting tourists and therefrom try to base their inventories around it. The tourists visiting bournmouth can be categorised into the following 3 categ oriesUK touristsOverseas touristsDay toursistThe following table gives and insight into the breakdown of the tourists expenditure associated with trips to Bournemouth.Accommodation() obtain()Food Drink()Attractions/ entertainment()Travel()UK Tourists47,884,00014,977,00028,797,00012,509,00023,252,000Overseas Tourists 20,095,00020,634,00011,789,00011,297,0005,091,000Day Visitors051,292,00059,080,00014,296,00019,988,000Source South double-u Tourism using the Cambridge model www.swtourism.org.uk(www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010)The above figures clearly show that tourist inflow enhances the citys coffers and makes available the finances that the city would need for growth and development. strike off Bournemouth is being developed by the council keeping in view of its ability to attract more tourists. The different sectors that have been identified as atom parts of the Bournemouth brand are as followsAccommodationConference/businessInternational EducationLeisure and attractionsNight Time Economy townsfolk CentreTransportThis is the most visual positive socio-cultural impact of tourism in Bournemouth.The gift of the Tourism industry in the form of jobsTourism brings in business is a known fact, these businesses are run by individuals and hence jobs are created. Jobs mean growth of the society as a whole. The transformation of a city into a tourists destination attracts not only tourists but also businesses of all kinds.Jobs that are created can be discriminate into the following three general categoriesDirect jobsIndirect jobsInduced jobsThe creation of these jobs becomes a source of livelihood for the locals. It also attracts workforce from neighbouring towns and cities. This increases the revenues of the connecting transport systems. The information of integrated revenues is immense and hidden in a very colonial matrix.The following table gives the estimated actual number of jobs created related to tourism consumption in 2007. quelling TouristsDay VisitorsTotal Direct Jobs4,4232,7967,219Indirect Jobs1,0754891,563Induced Jobs45664520Total5,9533,3499,302Source South West Tourism using the Cambridge stick www.swtourism.org.uk(www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010)Holiday types, reasons for visit and activities involvement.Tourists have various reasons to visit Bournemouth. There was a time when tourists were all categorised as travellers, but now times have changed and they can be categorised using various concepts and ideas. one of the ways to categorise them is based them the type of holiday they take.They can be categorised as follows.Main holiday superfluous holiday piteous breakThe above categorise are the parameters that decide their length of stay.The following tables give an insight into the tourists that come to Bournemouth based on the above categorisation. It also gives an idea of the reasons why they come and the activities they engage themselves in when they are holidaying in Bournemouth.Statistics for Bournemouth, 2005Holiday TypeTotal (%)Main Holiday33Additional Holiday43Short Break20Length of Stay7.88 nightsAverage expenditure per person per day44.22Reasons for VisitingTotal (%)Shopping56Seaside, beaches, coast86Peace and quiet36 palmy to get to57ActivitiesTotal (%)Coastal Walk77Gardens63Shopping72Wildlife47Source Dorset New Forest Tourism Data Project, The Market Research Group, 2005/06(www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2009)The above statistics tell us that the reasons why the tourists come is varied and they also overlap each other, in economic terms that leaves scope for business. Even the activities that they get involved in are varied and hence these statistics can be used to decide the spending of the local governing bodies in developing the tourism according to tourists preferences. negatively charged socio- cultural impact of tourism in BournemouthIt is evident that urban tourism has a jackpot of visible benefits for the economy and the locals. Where it promotes exchange of culture, it also supports the local e conomy of the city. But, there is a negative aspect of urban tourism as well. For example, during the peak season when the tourists influx is at its maximum, the prices of fresh foods and vegetables start rising. It even destroys the peace of the locality. The tourists bring their vices to the city in the form of gambling, late night clubs, whoredom and drinking. Though tourism has a lot of positive impact on the local economy, culture and over all development of the society, the negative impact cannot be ignored. If the negative impact is kept on a regular vigilant check it can be overshadowed by the positives.The development of the urban city of Bournemouth into a tourists destination faces a lot of challenges from such negative impacts. No doubt tourism brings a lot to the city in terms of jobs and development. It has also resulted in the increase of taxes be it residential or business.Some of the negative socio-cultural impact of tourism can be summarised as follows.Prostitution - the development of Bournemouth as a tourists destination has resulted in vices such as prostitution. According to Dorset Police the alarming rate of rise of brothels in Bournemouth has been a real matter of concern for the city. The intelligence deeds reported the presence of 60 brothels in the city. (www.telegraph.co.uk, 2005)Drug trafficking- the vice of prostitution is known to drag with it the do drugs culture. Over the years Bournemouth has attracted party goes due to its numerous pubs and clubs along the beach, this has resulted in increase in the number of drug consumers in Bournemouth. These vices are passed on the growing population of Bournemouth, having serious affects on the way of life of their friends and families.Increased levels of noise pollution- the growing number of clubs and pubs result in enhancing the night life experience of the tourists, but also increase the levels of noise pollution, which can be detrimental to the health of the old and ranking(prenomi nal) residents of Bournemouth.Rising house prices- increasing jobs and growing businesses attracts attention from neighbouring cities, resulting in growth in population. This results increasing the demand of residential housing, which could be out of reach for the local population.Rising taxes- Increased businesses results in more government spending in infrastructural development and also towards the tourists interests. This results in the increased levels of taxes by the government, to finance these projects.Traffic jams- increased levels of traffic jams are one of the main cause of the grievance of the locals of Bournemouth, which even the local governments are struggling to solve.Road casualties- due to increase in levels of population and car users the increasing number of road casualties have been worrying the Bournemouth authorities and locals.Loss of individuality due to over marketing of destinations key selling point- The development of Bournemouth as a tourists warm city has resulted in extensive development. Be it businesses or attractions for the tourists, the concern is that it is losing its ethnic originality and identity. It is losing the unique selling point and is transforming into another beach city, this is a matter of concern that has been voiced by the local authorities.Chapter 4 ConclusionSocio- cultural impact of tourisms cannot be ignored. Tourism is at times used as a reason for the growth and development of the society, the counsel of growth is always positive, but the negative side is also prevalent. Man is full of vices, since tourism revolves around mans needs, requirements, perceptions, assumptions and wants, it is very difficult to curtail the negative influence.Bournemouth tourism should focus on development tailored on its specific needs, heritage, history and means with the socio-cultural impacts in sight. This would enable the urban city to have a balance growth limiting the vices and attracting the healthy tourists which contribute majorly into the growth of the city into positive spheres of development.